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Mar 2, 2021
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Aug 10, 2021
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate levels of copper in three commonly edible fruits, namely, Lycopersicon esculenta (tomato), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) and Cucumis sativus (cucumber) traded in Dar es Salaam city. Also, the study scrutinized risk associated with heavy metal intake in the fruits. The fruits were collected from Buguruni Market, one of the biggest markets in the city, and thereafter, were processed, and analyzed to determine copper levels. The average daily intake and human health risk indices were calculated based on the obtained copper levels. The findings revealed that the mean levels and average daily intake in L. esculenta (0.3267 mg kg-1, 0.0279 mg kg-1 person-1) and C. lanatus (0.2523 mg kg-1, 0.0216 mg kg-1 person-1) did not differ considerably (p = 0.05) from each other while the two fruits had significantly higher values than C. sativus (0.1610 mg kg-1, 0.0137 mg kg-1 person-1). The copper levels and average daily intake values were below WHO/FAO and Tanzania Bureau of Standards permissible limits. The human health index (HRI) was in the order: L. esculenta > C. lanatus > C. sativus and all the values were less than unit, suggesting that there is no health risk from consuming the fruits. Concerning copper levels, the study concludes that the fruits are safe for human consumption.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Sahu, M., & Kacholi, D. S. (2021). Copper levels in three commonly edible fruits: Are consumers at risk?. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 2(2), 76-81. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.02.02.02
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Osredkar, J., & Sustar, N. (2011). Copper and zinc, biolog-ical role and significance of copper/zinc imbalance. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, s3(01). CrossRef
Othman, O. (2001). Heavy metals in green vegetables and soils from vegetable gardens in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 27(1), 37–48. CrossRef
Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., & Dhama, K. (2014). Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: The inter-play. BioMed Research International, 2014, 761264. CrossRef
Rembach, A., Hare, D. J., Lind, M., Fowler, C. J., Cherny, R. A., McLean, C., Bush, A. I., Masters, C. L., & Roberts, B. R. (2013). Decreased copper in alzheimer’s dis-ease brain is predominantly in the soluble ex-tractable fraction. International Journal of Alz-heimer’s Disease, 2013, 1–7. CrossRef
Sahu, M., & Kacholi, D. S. (2016). Heavy metal levels in amaranthus species from Chang’ombe-Mchicha ar-ea in Temeke district, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28(5), 1123–1126. CrossRef
Tasrina, R., Rowshon, A., Mustafizur, A., Rafuqul, I., & Ali, M. (2015). Heavy metals contamination in vegeta-bles and its growing soil. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 02(03). CrossRef
World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organ-ization of the United Nations. (2011). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Seventy-third [73rd] report of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. World Health Organi-zation. CrossRef
Yu, G., Chen, F., Zhang, H., & Wang, Z. (2021). Pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils of Guizhou, China. Ecosystem Health and Sustaina-bility, 7(1), 1859948. CrossRef
Babaali, E., Rahmdel, S., Berizi, E., Akhlaghi, M., Götz, F., & Mazloomi, S. M. (2020). Dietary intakes of zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and so-dium by the general adult population aged 20–50 years in Shiraz, Iran: A total diet study approach. Nutrients, 12(11), 3370. CrossRef
Bagheri, S., Squitti, R., Haertlé, T., Siotto, M., & Saboury, A. A. (2017). Role of copper in the onset of alz-heimer’s disease compared to other metals. Fron-tiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 446. CrossRef
Bermudez, G. M. A., Jasan, R., Plá, R., & Pignata, M. L. (2011). Heavy metal and trace element concentra-tions in wheat grains: Assessment of potential non-carcinogenic health hazard through their consump-tion. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 193, 264–271. CrossRef
Bhattacharya, P. T., Misra, S. R., & Hussain, M. (2016). Nutritional aspects of essential trace elements in oral health and disease: An extensive review. Sci-entifica, 2016, 5464373. CrossRef
Bost, M., Houdart, S., Oberli, M., Kalonji, E., Huneau, J.-F., & Margaritis, I. (2016). Dietary copper and human health: Current evidence and unresolved issues. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 35, 107–115. CrossRef
Chen, J., Jiang, Y., Shi, H., Peng, Y., Fan, X., & Li, C. (2020). The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 472(10), 1415–1429. CrossRef
Chen, Y., Wu, P., Shao, Y., & Ying, Y. (2014). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown around battery production area. Scientia Agricola, 71(2), 126–132. CrossRef
Doležalová Weissmannová, H., Mihočová, S., Chovanec, P., & Pavlovský, J. (2019). Potential ecological risk and human health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in industrial affected soils by coal mining and metallurgy in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22). CrossRef
Escobar, S., Velasco-Lozano, S., Lu, C.-H., Lin, Y.-F., Mesa, M., Bernal, C., & López-Gallego, F. (2017). Under-standing the functional properties of bio-inorganic nanoflowers as biocatalysts by deciphering the metal-binding sites of enzymes. Journal of Materi-als Chemistry B, 5(23), 4478–4486. CrossRef
Gupta, S., Jena, V., Jena, S., Davi, N., & Radojevi, D. (2013). Assessment of heavy metal contents of green leafy vegetables. Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 5(2), 53–60.
Hossain, M. S., Ahmed, F., Abdullah, A. T. M., Akbor, M. A., & Ahsan, M. A. (2015). Public health risk assess-ment of heavy metal uptake by vegetables grown at a aaste-water-irrigated site in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of Health & Pollution, 5(9), 78–85. CrossRef
Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., & Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisci-plinary Toxicology, 7(2), 60–72. Direct Link.
Kacholi, D. S., & Sahu, M. (2018). Levels and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil, water, and veg-etables of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 1–9. CrossRef
Karimi, A., Naghizadeh, A., Biglari, H., Peirovi, R., Ghasemi, A., & Zarei, A. (2020). Assessment of hu-man health risks and pollution index for heavy metals in farmlands irrigated by effluents of stabili-zation ponds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(10), 10317–10327. CrossRef
Kihampa, C., Mwegoha, W. J. S., & Shemdoe, R. S. (2011). Heavy metals concentrations in vegetables grown in the vicinity of the closed dumpsite. 2, 7.
Kirmani, M. Z., Mohiuddin, S., Naz, F., Naqvi, I. I., & Zahir, E. (2011). Determination of some toxic and essen-tial trace metals in some medicinal and edible plants of Karachi city. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 89–95.
Lugwisha, E. H., & Othman, C. (2016). Heavy metal levels in soil, tomatoes and selected vegetables from Morogoro region, Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 4(3), 82. CrossRef
Mahmood, A., & Malik, R. N. (2014). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7(1), 91–99. CrossRef
Mubofu, E. (2012). Heavy metal content in some com-monly consumed vegetables from Kariakoo mar-ket, Dar es Salaam. Tanzania Journal of Science, 38(3), 201–208.
Murugappan, G., & Sreeram, K. J. (2021). Nano-biocatalyst: Bi-functionalization of protease and amylase on copper oxide nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 197, 111386. Cross-Ref
Osredkar, J., & Sustar, N. (2011). Copper and zinc, biolog-ical role and significance of copper/zinc imbalance. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, s3(01). CrossRef
Othman, O. (2001). Heavy metals in green vegetables and soils from vegetable gardens in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 27(1), 37–48. CrossRef
Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., & Dhama, K. (2014). Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: The inter-play. BioMed Research International, 2014, 761264. CrossRef
Rembach, A., Hare, D. J., Lind, M., Fowler, C. J., Cherny, R. A., McLean, C., Bush, A. I., Masters, C. L., & Roberts, B. R. (2013). Decreased copper in alzheimer’s dis-ease brain is predominantly in the soluble ex-tractable fraction. International Journal of Alz-heimer’s Disease, 2013, 1–7. CrossRef
Sahu, M., & Kacholi, D. S. (2016). Heavy metal levels in amaranthus species from Chang’ombe-Mchicha ar-ea in Temeke district, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28(5), 1123–1126. CrossRef
Tasrina, R., Rowshon, A., Mustafizur, A., Rafuqul, I., & Ali, M. (2015). Heavy metals contamination in vegeta-bles and its growing soil. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 02(03). CrossRef
World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organ-ization of the United Nations. (2011). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Seventy-third [73rd] report of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. World Health Organi-zation. CrossRef
Yu, G., Chen, F., Zhang, H., & Wang, Z. (2021). Pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils of Guizhou, China. Ecosystem Health and Sustaina-bility, 7(1), 1859948. CrossRef