Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper aims to study the influence of exposure, altitude, and soil pH on the yield and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters, developed in the Sdama Chergui massif in northwestern Algeria. These EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation, resulting in average yields of 0.33±0.13 %, 0.29±0.07 %, 0.24±0.07 %, and 0.2±0.03 %, recorded at the south, west, north, and east exposures, respectively. Upon analyzing the obtained EOs by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), a total of chemical molecules grouped into 22 families were identified. The predominant compounds were Bornyl acetate (9.14 %, 7.95 %, 11.20 %, and 9.78 %), Limonene (5.03 %, 7.18 %, 5.76 %, and 5.41 %), α-Pinene (4.97 %, 5.26 %, 5.09 %, and 4.79 %), Camphor (7.53 %, 3.69 %, 3.01 %, and 5.91 %), and Borneol (5.20 %, 6.26 %, 4.93 %, and 5.11 %). Additionally, the analysis of these molecules by Factorial Analysis of Mixed Data (PCAmix) revealed that exposure, altitude, and soil pH have little effect on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oils of Tetraclinis articulata. Finally, careful attention to stationary parameters is crucial for obtaining essential oils of high quality and optimal quantity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aćimović, M. (2021). Essential oils: Inhalation aromatherapy – A comprehensive review. Journal of Agronomy, Technology and Engineering Management, 4(2), 547-557. Direct Link.
Adeosun, W. B., & Loots, D. T. (2024). Medicinal plants against viral infections: A review of metabolomics evidence for the antiviral properties and potentials in plants sources. Viruses, 16(2), 218. CrossRef
Azzaoui, M. E., Maatoug, M., & Berrayah, M. (2017). Phytoecological study of Tetraclinis articula-ta in the woodland of Beni Affene, Sdamas Chergui (Tiaret, Algeria). Journal of Fundamen-tal and Applied Sciences, 9(2), 971-987. CrossRef
Barkas, F., Bathrellou, E., Nomikos, T., Panagiotakos, D., Liberopoulos, E., & Kontogianni, M. D. (2023). Plant sterols and plant stanols in cholesterol management and cardiovascular pre-vention. Nutrients, 15(13), 2845. CrossRef
Belhouala, K., & Benarba, B. (2021). Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Algeria: A multiregional ethnobotanical study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 760492. CrossRef
Ben Ghnaya, A., Amri, I., Hanana, M., Samia Gargouri, S., Bassem Jamoussi, B., Abderrahmane Romane, A., & Hamrouni, L. (2016). Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl.) Masters essential oil from Tunisia: Chemical characterization and herbicidal and antifungal activities assessment. In-dustrial Crops and Products, 83, 113–117. CrossRef
Benjemaa, M., Snoussi, M., Falleh, H., Hessini, K., Msaada, K., Flamini, G., & Ksouri, R. (2022). Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Four essential oils collected in the North-East of Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 25(2), 338-355. Cross-Ref
Boufares, K., Hassani, A., & Alem, A.S. (2019). Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activi-ties of some Cupressaceae species from Algeria against two phytopathogenic microorgan-isms. Journal of Crop Protection, 8(2), 223-234. Direct Link.
Boukhatem, M. N., Hamaidi, M. S., Saidi, F., & Hakim, Y. (2010). Extraction, composition et pro-priétés physico-chimiques de l'huile essentielle du Géranium Rosat (Pelargonium graveo-lens L.) cultivé dans la plaine de Mitidja (Algérie) [Extraction, composition and physico-chemical properties of the essential oil of Rosat Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) grown in the Mitidja plain (Algeria). Nature & Technologie, 2(2), 37- 45. Direct Link.
Bourkhiss, M., Hnach, M., Bourkhiss, B., Ouhssine, B., Chaouch, A., & Satrani, B. (2009). Effet de séchage sur la teneur et la composition chimique des huiles essentielles de Tetraclinis ar-ticulata (Vahl) Masters [Effect of drying on the content and chemical composition of essen-tial oils of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters]. Agrosolutions, 20(1). 44-48. Direct Link.
Bourkhiss, M., Hnach, M., Lakhlifi, T., Boughdad, A., Farah, A., & Satrani, B. (2011). Effect of age and vegetative stage on essential oil content and chemical composition of Thuya articulata. Les technologies de laboratore, 6(23), 64-68.
Bourkhiss, M., Lakhlifi, T., Chaouch, A., & Ouhssine, M. (2016). Interest of essential oil of Barbary Thuya. Phytothérapie, 14, 109-111. CrossRef
Bourkhiss, M., Lachkar, M., Ouakil, A., Farah, A., & Bouachrine, M. (2023). Chemical composition and bioactivity of Barbary Thuja (Tetraclinis articulata Vahl) Masters lives essential oil and its chromatographic fractions. Phytothérapie, 21(1), 29-34.
Boussaïd, M., Bekhechi, C., Beddou, F., Sar, D. C., Bighelli, A., Casanova, J., & Tomi, F. (2015). Chemical variability of the essential oil isolated from aerial parts of Tetraclinis articulata from North-Western Algeria. Natural Product Communications, 10(8), 1447-1452.
CrossRef
Boussaid, M., Bekhechi, C., Tomi, P., & Tomi, F. (2022). Annual variationin essential oil yield and composition from leaves of Tetraclinis articulatain in Northwestern Algeria (Aïn Kebira, Tlemcen Province). Journal of Natural Product Research and Applications, 2(1), 30-37. Di-rect Link.
Calderón-Montaño, J. M., Martínez-Sánchez, S. M., Jiménez-González, V., Burgos-Morón, E., Guil-lén-Mancina, E., Jiménez-Alonso, J. J., Díaz-Ortega, P., García, F., Aparicio, A., & López-Lázaro, M. (2021). Screening for selective anticancer activity of 65 extracts of plants col-lected in Western Andalusia, Spain. Plants, 10(10), 2193. CrossRef
Chavent, M., Girard, S., Kuentz-Simonet, V., Liquet, B., Nguyen, T. M. N., & Saracco, J. (2014). A sliced inverse regression approach for data stream. Computational Statistics, 29, 1129-1152. CrossRef
Chefnaj, F. E., Boughdad, A., & Lakhiari, H. (2023). Impact of essential oils of Mentha spicata, M. pulegium, M. suaveolens and Artemisia herba alba on Apis mellifera mortality. Teikyo Medi-cal Journal, 46(08). Direct Link.
Daud, N. M., Putra, N. R., Jamaludin, R., Norodin, N. S. M., Sarkawi, N. S., Hamzah, M. H. S., Nasir, H. M., Zaidel, D. N. A., Yunus, M. A. C., & Salleh, L. M. (2022). Valorisation of plant seed as natural bioactive compounds by various extraction methods: A review. Trends in Food Sci-ence & Technology, 119, 201-214. CrossRef
de Sousa, D. P., Damasceno, R. O. S., Amorati, R., Elshabrawy, H. A., de Castro, R. D., Bezerra, D. P., Nunes, V. R. V., Gomes, R. C., & Lima, T. C. (2023). Essential Oils: Chemistry and pharma-cological activities. Biomolecules, 13(7), 1144. CrossRef
Diomande, L. B., kanko, C., Tia, E. V., kone, B., & Yao-kouam, A. (2014). Occurrence et composi-tion chimique de l’huile essentielle des feuilles de Lippia multiflora M. (thé de savane) selon le pH, les teneurs en Carbone, en Azote et Phosphore du sol en zones de savane guinéenne en Côte d’Ivoire [Occurrence and chemical composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Lippia multiflora M. (savannah tea) according to the pH, the Carbon, Nitrogen and Phos-phorus contents of the soil in Guinean savannah areas in Ivory Coast]. Afrique Science: Re-vue Internationale des Sciences et Technologie, 10(4), 93-108. Direct Link.
Dizajeyekan, Y. I., Ahmad Razban Haghighi, A. R., & Gajoti, T. E. (2016). Regional altitude and soil physicochemical factors influence the essential oil of Thymus pubescens (Lamiales: Lami-aceae). Journal of Biological & Environmental sciences, 10(29), 45-51. Direct Link.
Eddabbeh, F. E., Mohamed, Abdoul-Latif, F., Ainane, A., Ejjabraoui, M., & Ainane, T. (2021). The composition of the essential oil and the antimicrobial and antifunqal activities of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters from the Moroccan central plateau (Morocco). Pharmacolo-gyonline, 2, 458-464. Direct Link.
El Hachlafi, N., Fikri-Benbrahim, K., Al-Mijalli, S. H., Elbouzidi, A., Jeddi, M., Abdallah, E. M., As-saggaf, H., Bouyahya, A., Alnasser, S. M., Attar, A., Wen Goh, K., Chiau Ming, L., Ong, S. K., Mrabti, H. N., & Ouazzani Chahdi, F. (2023). Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. essential oil as a promising source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and dermatoprotective properties: In vitro and in silico evidence. Heliyon, 10, Article e23084. CrossRef
El Jemli, M., Kamal, R., Marmouzi, I., Doukkali, Z., Bouidida, E., Touati, D., Nejjari, R., El Guessabi, L., Cherrah, Y., & Alaoui, K. (2017). Chemical composition, acute toxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Moroccan Tetraclinis articulata L. journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 7(3), 281-287. CrossRef
El khasmi, M., & Farh, M. (2022). Impact of medicinal p lants on the kidney. Revue Marocaine de Néphrologie, 2(5), 32-40.
Escofier, B. (1979). Traitement simultané de variables qualitatives et quantitatives en analyse factorielle [Simultaneous treatment of qualitative and quantitative variables in factor anal-ysis]. Les cahiers de l’analyse des données, 4(2), 137-146. Direct Link.
Fadel, H., Benayache, F., Chalchat, J-C., Figueredo, G., Chalard, P., Hazmoune, H., & Benayache, S. (2019). Essential oil constituents of Juniperus oxycedrus L. and Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae) growing in Aures region of Algeria. Natural Product Research, 35(15), 2616–2620. CrossRef
Fernández-Sestelo, M., & Carrillo, J. M. (2020). Environmental effects on yield and composition of essential oil in wild populations of spike Lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medik.). Agricul-ture, 10(12), 626. CrossRef
Ghavam, M., Afzali, A., Manconi, M., Bacchetta, G., & Manca, M. L. (2021). Variability in chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Rosa × damascena Herrm. from mountainous regions of Iran. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Argiculture, 8(22). CrossRef
Guerroudj, S., Maatoug, M., Naceur, K., Chaibi, R., Khene, M., & boualem, A. (2021). Extraction, yield and chemical composition of essential oils of Juniperus oxycedrus L. from Tiaret region (Algeria). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11(10), 105-111. Direct Link.
Hadjadj, K., & Letreuch Belarouci, A. (2017). Bibliographic synthesis about the Berbary thuya (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.). Geo-Eco-Trop, 41(1), 13-27. Direct Link.
Hamdani, F. Z., Ziri, S., Benallou, A., Djani, H., & Belkacemi, A. (2021). High antifungal capacity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Tetraclinis articulata. Phytothérapie, 19(3), 190-194. DOI CrossRef
Herzi, N., Bouajila, J., Camy, S., Romdhane, M., & Condoret, J. S. (2013). Comparison of different methods for extraction from Tetraclinis articulata: Yield, chemical composition and antiox-idant activity. Food Chemistry, 141(4), 3537-3545. CrossRef
Hill, M. O., & Smith, A. J. E. (1976). Principal component analysis of taxonomic data with multi-state discrete characters. Taxon, 25(2), 249-255. CrossRef
Ibrahim, T. A., Atef, A. E., El-Hefnawy, H. M., Al-Taweel, A. M., & Perveen, S. (2017). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of some coniferous plants cultivat-ed in Egypt. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(1), 328-337. CrossRef
Jlizi, S., Lahmar, A., Zardi‐Bergaoui, A., Ascrizzi R., Flamini, G., Harrath, A. H., Chekir‐Ghedira, L., & Ben Jannet, H. (2021). Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the fractionated trunk bark essential oil from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. growing in Tunisia. Mole-cules, 26(4), 1110. CrossRef
Khalil, N., El-Jalel, L., Yousif, M., & Gonaid, M. (2020). Altitude impact on the chemical profile and biological activities of Satureja thymbra L. essential oil. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), 186. CrossRef
Khatib, S., Mahdi. I., Drissi, B., Fahsi, N., Bouissane, L., & Sobeh, M. (2024). Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast: Volatile contituents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healding activities of its essential oil. Heliyon, 10(3), Article e24563. CrossRef
Labdelli, A., Zemour, K., Simon, V., Cerny, M., Adda, A., & Merah, O. (2019). Pistacia Atlanti-ca Desf., a source of healthy vegetable oil. Applied Sciences, 9(12), 2552. CrossRef
Laftouhi, A., Eloutassi, N., Ech-Chihbi, E., Rais, Z., Abdellaoui, A., Taleb, A., Beniken, M., Nafidi, H. A., Salamatullah, A. M., Bourhia, M., & Mustapha Taleb, M. (2023). The impact of environ-mental stress on the secondary metabolites and the chemical compositions of the essential oils from some medicinal plants used as food supplements. Sustainability, 15(10), 7842. CrossRef
Lee, J. I., Choi, J. H., Kwon, T. W., Jo, H. S., Kim, D. G., Ko, S. G., Song, G. J., & Cho, I. H. (2023). Neu-roprotective effects of bornyl acetate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining blood-brain-barrier integrity. Phytomedicine, 112, 154569. CrossRef
Loya, B., Kumar, R., Thongdok, N. J., & Kumar, A. (2023). Effect of altitude, environment and soil parameters on morphological characteristics and yield of essential oil in Elsholtzia com-munis. Environment and Ecology, 41(4B), 2756-2765. CrossRef
Meddour, R., Sahar, O., & Jury, S. (2023). New analysis of the endemic vascular plants of Algeria, their diversity, distribution pattern and conservation status. Willdenowia, 53(1-2), 25-43. CrossRef
Milenković, L., Ilić, Z. S., Šunić, L., Tmušić, N., Stanojević, L., Stanojević, J., & Cvetković, D. (2021). Modification of light intensity influence essential oils content, composition and antioxidant activity of thyme, marjoram and oregano. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(11), 6532-6543. CrossRef
Moussaoui, B., Hanafi, T., Rahali, A., Guemou, L., Reghioui, B., Zemour, K., & Riazi, A. (2024). In vitro anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities of alkaloïds extracted from nopals of inermis Algerian Opuntia ficus indica (L). Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 5(1), 86-96. CrossRef
Neffar, F., & Benabdrrahmene, Z. (2013). Quantification des huiles essentielles dans deux es-pèces de Romarin (Rosmarinus officinalis et Rosmarinus tournefortii) au niveau de Djebel Metllili (Batna) [Quantification of essential oils in two species of Rosemary (Rosmarinus of-ficinalis and Rosmarinus tournefortii) at Djebel Metllili (Batna)]. Revue Agriculture, 05, 19-23. Direct Link.
Ouarghidi, A., & Abbad, A. (2019). Ethnobotanical, ethnotaxonomic and ethnoecological study of Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link. (Asteraceae) in Ait Mhamed valley (Re-gion of Azilal, Morocco). Revue d'ethnoécologie, (16). CrossRef
Pagès, J. (2004). Analyse factorielle de données mixtes [Factor analysis of mixed data]. Revue de Statistiques Appliquées, 52(4), 93-111. Direct Link.
Rabib, H., Zougagh, S., Hssain, M., Wadi Badri, W., & Koussa, T. (2019). GC/MS analysis and anti-bacterial activity of the essential oil of Moroccan Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters. Med-iterranean Journal of Chemistry, 8(4), 302-307. CrossRef
Rabib, H., Elagdi, C., Hsaine, M., Fougrach, H., Koussa, T., & Wadi Badri, W. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Moroccan Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters. Biochemistry Research International, 2020(1), 9638548. CrossRef
Saber, M., Harhar, H., Bouyahya, A., Ouchbani, T., & Tabyaoui, M. (2021a). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of sawdust from Moroccan Thuya (Tetraclinis artic-ulata (Vahl) Masters. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11(1), 7912 - 7920. CrossRef
Saber, M., Harhar, H., El Hattabi, L., Zengin, G., Bouyahya, A., & Tabyaoui, M. (2021b). Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils and extracts from cones of Tetra-clinis articulata (Vahl) Masters. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 8(4), 352-363. CrossRef
Sadiki, F. Z., Bouymajane, A., Sbiti, M., Chennaoui, S., Micalizzi, G., & Cacciola, F. (2022). Chemical profile, antibacterial, antioxidant and insecticidal properties of the essential oil from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters cones. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 34(5), 383-393. CrossRef
Salmerón-Manzano, E., Garrido-Cardenas, J. A., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2020). Worldwide re-search trends on medicinal plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3376. CrossRef
Senouci, F., Ababou, A., Senouci, S., & Bouzada, N. (2023). Traditional medicinal plants applied for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in Chlef, Algeria. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63(2), 419-429. CrossRef
Souilah, N., Bendif, H., Miara, M. D., & Frahtia, A. (2018). Medicinal plants in floristic regions of El Harrouch and Azzaba (Skikda- Algeria): Production and therapeutic effects. Journal of Flo-riculture and Landscaping, 4(1), 05-11. CrossRef
Walas, Ł., & Taib, A. (2022). Environmental regionalization and endemic plant distribution in the Maghreb. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(2), 100. CrossRef
Wei, J., Yang, Y., Peng, Y., Wang, S., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Liu, J., Wen, B., & Li, M. (2023). Biosynthesis and the transcriptional regulation of terpenoids in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Interna-tional Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(8), 6937. CrossRef
Yang, H., Zhao, R., Chen, H., Jia, P., Bao, L., & Tang, H. (2014). Bornyl acetate has an anti-inflammatory effect in human chondrocytes via induction of IL-11. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Life, 66(12), 854-859. CrossRef
Zatout, A., Djibaoui, R., Flamini, G., Ascrizzi, R., Benbrahim, C., Mazari, H. E., Benkredda, F., Mechaala, S., & Kassah-Laouar, A. (2022). Chemical composition analysis of essential oils of four plants from Aurès region of Algeria and their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against coagulase-negative staphylococci. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Mi-crobiology, 23(3), 278-289. CrossRef
Zemour, K., Chouhim, K. M. A., Labdelli, A., Mairif, M., Ardjane, T. E. A., Moussaoui, B., Zemour, H., & Laafer, M. (2024). Improvement of the antioxidant potential: impact of drying and ex-traction techniques on polyphenols in Arbutus unedo L. leaf aqueous extract. Journal of Ag-riculture and Applied Biology, 5(1), 35-47. CrossRef
Zerkani, H., Tagnaout, I., Dirioiche, A., Adadi, I., El Karkouri, J., Aaziz, H., Padzys, G. S., & Zair, T. (2019). Chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Tetra-clinis articulata (Vahl) from Morocco. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 8(5), 390-396. CrossRef
Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Zou, H., Qiu, L., Zheng, Y., Yang, D., & Wang, Y. (2021). Effect of light on sec-ondary metabolite biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 781236. CrossRef