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Abstract
Essential oils play a crucial role in biological control against parasites threatening the beekeeping stock, both in Algeria and globally. Their appropriate use helps reduce the adverse effects of chemical products on human health and the environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the components of Eucalyptus pauciflora essential oil grown in Algeria and to evaluate its impact on the marine shrimp Artemia salina and the mite Varroa destructor, while also comparing it to other species of Eucalyptus from the same region namely, Eucalyptus robusta, globulus, sideroxylon, and amygdalina, which have been examine in previous research. Steam distillation of fresh leaves from Eucalyptus pauciflora yielded 0.73% essential oils. This plant contains a total of thirty-nine chemical compounds, among which the most significant are 1,8-cineole (57.45%), β-cymene (5.44%), spathulenol (5.38%), trans-verbenol (4.31%), and α-pinene (3.11%). A lethality test on brine shrimp (BSL) revealed that Eucalyptus pauciflora exhibits toxicity with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 53.51 ppm. Field trials conducted on hives infested with Varroa destructor showed that the acaricidal effect of Eucalyptus pauciflora is superior to that of amygdalina and sideroxylon species, but inferior to that of globulus and robusta species, all sourced from the same herbarium (Draa Naga) in northeastern Algeria. The results of this research highlight the benefits of Eucalyptus essential oils to be integrated into the formulation of natural acaricides that are environmentally friendly to combat Varroa destructor infestation.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Atmani-Merabet, G., Hazmoune, H., Fellah, S., & Belkhiri, A. (2024). Study of Eucalyptus pauciflora L. characteristics from Algeria and its impact on the mite affecting honeybees Apis mellifera. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 5(2), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.05.02.06
References
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Adjlane, N. (2017). Evaluation of the resistance of the mite Varroa destructor to the amitrazin in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Algeria. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 17(1), 1–6. CrossRef
Ahumada, M. F., Marcos, J. L., Cadavid, A., Bañares, G. V., Silva, C. M., Olivares, Y. A., & Müller, H. Y. (2022). Evaluation of the efficacy of essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia and Eucalyp-tus globulus for the control of Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera: A randomised field study. Australia Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 54(2), 83–87. CrossRef
Aldoghaim, F. S., Flematti, G. R., & Hammer, K. A. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of several cine-ole-Rich western Australian Eucalyptus essential oils. Microorganisms, 6(4), 122. CrossRef
Atmani- Merabet, G. (2018). Huiles essentielles de trois espèces Algériennes d'Eucalyptus : compo-sition chimique et activité acaricide (Varroa destructor). [Essential oils of three Algerian Eu-calyptus species: chemical composition and acaricidal activity (Varroa destructor)]. (Doc-toral Thesis), Constantine1 University, Algeria.
Atmani-Merabet, G., Belkhiri, A., Dems, M. A., Lalaouna, A., Khalfaoui, Z., & Mosbah, B. (2018). Chemical composition, toxicity, and acaricidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil from Algeria. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 31(2), 89–93. CrossRef
Atmani-Merabet, G., Fellah, S., & Belkhiri, A. (2020). Comparative study of two Eucalyptus spe-cies from Algeria: chemical composition, toxicity and acaricidal effect on Varroa destructor. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 33(3), 144–148. CrossRef
Bakar, M. A., Aqueel, M. A., Raza, A. B. M., Mahmood, R., Qadir, Z. A., Arshad, M., & Sohail, M. (2019). Evaluation of essential oils for the management of parasitic bee mites, Varroa
destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in vitro. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(4). CrossRef
Bakar, M. A., Aqueel, M. A., Raza, A. B. M., Ullah, M. I., Arshad, M., Sohail, M., & Molina-Ochoa, J. (2017). Evaluation of few essential oils for the management of parasitic bee mites, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera L. colonies. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. CrossRef
Barbosa, L., Filomeno, C., Teixeira, R. (2016). Chemical variability and biological activities of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils. Molecules, 21(12), 1671. CrossRef
Bayle, G. (2019). Ecological and social impacts of eucalyptus tree plantation on the environment. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management, 5(1), 93–104. CrossRef
Benabdesslem, Y., Hachem, K., & Mébarki, M. (2020). Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. growing in south west Algeria. Journal of Es-sential Oil Bearing Plants, 23(5), 1154–1160. CrossRef
Boukhatem, M. N., Ferhat, M. A., Kameli, A., Saidi, F., Walid, K., & Mohamed, S. B. (2014). Quality assessment of the essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus. Labill of Blida (Algeria) Origin. In-ternational Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 36, 303–315. CrossRef
Bussmann, R. W., Malca, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., Nilsen, B., Parris, B., Dubose, D., Ruiz, D., Sale-da, J., Martinez, M., Carillo, L., Walker, K., Kuhlman, A., & Townesmith, A. (2011). Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru. Journal of Ethnopharma-cology, 137(1), 121–140. CrossRef
Cai, Z. M., Peng, J-Q., Chen, Y., Tao, L., Zhang, Y-Y., Fu, L-Y., Long, Q-D., & Shen, X-C. (2020). 1,8- Cineole: a review of source, biological activities, and application. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 23(10), 938–954. CrossRef
Chandorkar, N., Tambe, S., Amin, P., Madankar, C. (2021). A systematic and comprehensive re-view on current understanding of the pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications of the genus Eucalyptus. Phytomedicine Plus, 100089 1(4). CrossRef
Chaves, T. P., Pinheiro, R. E. E., Melo, E. S., Soares, M. J. dos S., Souza, J. S. N., Andrade, T. B. de, Lemos, T. L. G. de, & Coutinho, H. D. M. (2018). Essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn potentiates β-lactam activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli re-sistant strains. Industrial Crops and Products, 112, 70–74. CrossRef
Clarkson, C., Maharaj, V. J., Crouch, N. R., Grace, O. M., Pillay, P., Matsabisa, M. G., Bhagwandin, N., Smith, P. J., & Folb, P. I. (2004). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(2–3), 177–191. CrossRef
Conti, B., Bocchino, R., Cosci, F., Ascrizzi, R., Flamini, G., & Bedini, S. (2020). Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicul-tural Research, 59(5), 774–782. CrossRef
Danna, C., Malaspina, P., Cornara, L., Smeriglio, A., Trombetta, D., De Feo, V., & Vanin, S. (2024). Eucalyptus essential oils in pest control: a review of chemical composition and applications against insects and mites. Crop Protection, 176, 106319. CrossRef
Dhakad, A. K., Pandey, V. V., Beg, S., Rawat, J. M., & Singh, A. (2017). Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(3), 833–848. Portico. CrossRef
Elsadi, M., Keshlaf, M., & Mirwan, H. (2024). Some essential oils as potential control agents for varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in infected honey bees (Apis mellifera). Open Veterinary Journal, 14(2), 692. CrossRef
Ghazghazi, H., Essghaier, B., Riguene, H., Rigane, G., EL Aloui, M., Oueslati, M. A., Ben Salem, R., Sadfi Zouaoui, N., Naser, Z., & Laarbi Khouja, M. (2020). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Eucalyptus essential oil: a comparative study between Eucalyptus marginata L. and Eucalyptus paucilora L. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 64(12), 1055–1062. CrossRef
Goswami, V., Srivastava, P., & Khan, M. S. (2014). Efficacy of essential oils against Varroa De-structor infesting Apis mellifera Linn. colonies and their impact on brood development. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(1), 27–30. CrossRef
Harkat-Madouri, L., Asma, B., Madani, K., Bey-Ould Si Said, Z., Rigou, P., Grenier, D., Allalou, H., Remini, H., Adjaoud, A., & Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L. (2015). Chemical composition, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus from Algeria. In-dustrial Crops and Products, 78, 148–153. CrossRef
Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Hernández-Rodríguez, C. S., & González-Cabrera, J. (2020). As-sessing the resistance to acaricides in Varroa destructor from several Spanish locations. Parasitology Research, 119(11), 3595–3601. CrossRef
Hussein, H. S., Tawfeek, M. E., & Abdelgaleil, S. A. M. (2021). Chemical composition, aphicidal and antiacetyl cholinesterase activities of essential oils against Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonsco-lombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 24(2), 259–265. Cross-Ref
Jordan, S. (2011). British pharmacopoeia (BP) 2011The Stationery Office, Six-volume printed edition/CD-ROM/online edition British pharmacopoeia (BP) 2011 £830 978 0 1132 2849 2 011322849X. Nursing Standard, 25(46), 31–31. CrossRef
Khan, S., Sahar, A., Tariq, T., Sameen, A., & Tariq, F. (2023). Essential oils in plants: Plant physi-ology, the chemical composition of the oil, and natural variation of the oils (chemotaxono-my and environmental effects, etc.). Essential Oils, 1–36. Academic Press. CrossRef
Khayyat, S. A., & Roselin, L. S. (2018). Recent progress in photochemical reaction on main com-ponents of some essential oils. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 22(7), 855–875. CrossRef
Khedhri, S., Khammassi, M., Boukhris Bouhachem, S., Pieracci, Y., Flamini, G., Gargouri, S., Amri, I., & Hamrouni, L. (2024). Tunisian Eucalyptus essential oils: exploring their potential for biological applications. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 158(1), 40–50. CrossRef
Launay, A. (2017). Pharmacognosie, phytochimie, plantes médicinales — cinquième édition J. Bruneton, Éditions Lavoisier Tec & Doc, 2016, 1 488 p, 195,00 €. Phytothérapie, 15(5), 316–316. CrossRef
Limam, H., Ben Jemaa, M., Tammar, S., Ksibi, N., Khammassi, S., Jallouli, S., Del Re, G., & Msaada, K. (2020). Variation in chemical profile of leaves essential oils from thirteen Tunisian Eu-calyptus species and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 158, 112964. CrossRef
Maris, P., Utami, D. S., Marwoto, O., & Tarigan, N. (2022). Why Eucalyptus citriodora potentialas biopesticide? Jurnal Ilmiah Agrineca, 22(2), 16–25. CrossRef
Mc Laughlin, J. L., Rogers, L. L., & Anderson, J. E. (1998). The use of biological assays to evalu-atebotanicals. Drug Information Journal, 32(2), 513–524. CrossRef
Mitton, G. A., Meroi Arcerito, F., Cooley, H., Fernández de Landa, G., Eguaras, M. J., Ruffinengo, S. R., & Maggi, M. D. (2022). More than sixty years living with Varroa destructor: A review of acaricide resistance. International Journal of Pest Management, 1–18. CrossRef
Rossi, Y. E., & Palacios, S. M. (2015). Insecticidal toxicity of Eucalyptus cinerea essential oil and 1,8-cineole against Musca domestica and possible uses according to the metabolic response of flies. Industrial Crops and Products, 63, 133–137. CrossRef
Russo, S., Yaber Grass, M. A., Fontana, H. C., & Leonelli, E. (2018). Insecticidal activity of essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus against Aphis nerii (Boyer) and Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal). AgriScientia, 1(35), 63. CrossRef
Sebei, K., Sakouhi, F., Herchi, W., Khouja, M., & Boukhchina, S. (2015). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven Eucalyptus species essential oils leaves. Biological Research, 48(1), 7. CrossRef
Shao, J., Yin, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Tang, Q., Zhang, M., Jiao, J., Liu, C., Yang, M., Zhen, L., Has-souna, A., White, W. L., & Lu, J. (2020). Effects of different doses of Eucalyptus oil From Eu-calyptus globulus Labill. on respiratory tract immunity and immune function in healthy rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. CrossRef
Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M., Ademiluyi, A., Sharifi-Rad, R., Ayatollahi, S., Iriti. (2017). Biological ac-tivities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules., 22(1),70. CrossRef
Yones, D. A., Bakir, H. Y., & Bayoumi, S. A. L. (2016). Chemical composition and efficacy of some selected plant oils against Pediculus humanus capitis in vitro. Parasitology Research, 115(8), 3209–3218. CrossRef
Adjlane, N. (2017). Evaluation of the resistance of the mite Varroa destructor to the amitrazin in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Algeria. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 17(1), 1–6. CrossRef
Ahumada, M. F., Marcos, J. L., Cadavid, A., Bañares, G. V., Silva, C. M., Olivares, Y. A., & Müller, H. Y. (2022). Evaluation of the efficacy of essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia and Eucalyp-tus globulus for the control of Varroa destructor in Apis mellifera: A randomised field study. Australia Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 54(2), 83–87. CrossRef
Aldoghaim, F. S., Flematti, G. R., & Hammer, K. A. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of several cine-ole-Rich western Australian Eucalyptus essential oils. Microorganisms, 6(4), 122. CrossRef
Atmani- Merabet, G. (2018). Huiles essentielles de trois espèces Algériennes d'Eucalyptus : compo-sition chimique et activité acaricide (Varroa destructor). [Essential oils of three Algerian Eu-calyptus species: chemical composition and acaricidal activity (Varroa destructor)]. (Doc-toral Thesis), Constantine1 University, Algeria.
Atmani-Merabet, G., Belkhiri, A., Dems, M. A., Lalaouna, A., Khalfaoui, Z., & Mosbah, B. (2018). Chemical composition, toxicity, and acaricidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil from Algeria. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 31(2), 89–93. CrossRef
Atmani-Merabet, G., Fellah, S., & Belkhiri, A. (2020). Comparative study of two Eucalyptus spe-cies from Algeria: chemical composition, toxicity and acaricidal effect on Varroa destructor. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 33(3), 144–148. CrossRef
Bakar, M. A., Aqueel, M. A., Raza, A. B. M., Mahmood, R., Qadir, Z. A., Arshad, M., & Sohail, M. (2019). Evaluation of essential oils for the management of parasitic bee mites, Varroa
destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in vitro. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(4). CrossRef
Bakar, M. A., Aqueel, M. A., Raza, A. B. M., Ullah, M. I., Arshad, M., Sohail, M., & Molina-Ochoa, J. (2017). Evaluation of few essential oils for the management of parasitic bee mites, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera L. colonies. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. CrossRef
Barbosa, L., Filomeno, C., Teixeira, R. (2016). Chemical variability and biological activities of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils. Molecules, 21(12), 1671. CrossRef
Bayle, G. (2019). Ecological and social impacts of eucalyptus tree plantation on the environment. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management, 5(1), 93–104. CrossRef
Benabdesslem, Y., Hachem, K., & Mébarki, M. (2020). Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. growing in south west Algeria. Journal of Es-sential Oil Bearing Plants, 23(5), 1154–1160. CrossRef
Boukhatem, M. N., Ferhat, M. A., Kameli, A., Saidi, F., Walid, K., & Mohamed, S. B. (2014). Quality assessment of the essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus. Labill of Blida (Algeria) Origin. In-ternational Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 36, 303–315. CrossRef
Bussmann, R. W., Malca, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., Nilsen, B., Parris, B., Dubose, D., Ruiz, D., Sale-da, J., Martinez, M., Carillo, L., Walker, K., Kuhlman, A., & Townesmith, A. (2011). Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru. Journal of Ethnopharma-cology, 137(1), 121–140. CrossRef
Cai, Z. M., Peng, J-Q., Chen, Y., Tao, L., Zhang, Y-Y., Fu, L-Y., Long, Q-D., & Shen, X-C. (2020). 1,8- Cineole: a review of source, biological activities, and application. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 23(10), 938–954. CrossRef
Chandorkar, N., Tambe, S., Amin, P., Madankar, C. (2021). A systematic and comprehensive re-view on current understanding of the pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications of the genus Eucalyptus. Phytomedicine Plus, 100089 1(4). CrossRef
Chaves, T. P., Pinheiro, R. E. E., Melo, E. S., Soares, M. J. dos S., Souza, J. S. N., Andrade, T. B. de, Lemos, T. L. G. de, & Coutinho, H. D. M. (2018). Essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn potentiates β-lactam activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli re-sistant strains. Industrial Crops and Products, 112, 70–74. CrossRef
Clarkson, C., Maharaj, V. J., Crouch, N. R., Grace, O. M., Pillay, P., Matsabisa, M. G., Bhagwandin, N., Smith, P. J., & Folb, P. I. (2004). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(2–3), 177–191. CrossRef
Conti, B., Bocchino, R., Cosci, F., Ascrizzi, R., Flamini, G., & Bedini, S. (2020). Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicul-tural Research, 59(5), 774–782. CrossRef
Danna, C., Malaspina, P., Cornara, L., Smeriglio, A., Trombetta, D., De Feo, V., & Vanin, S. (2024). Eucalyptus essential oils in pest control: a review of chemical composition and applications against insects and mites. Crop Protection, 176, 106319. CrossRef
Dhakad, A. K., Pandey, V. V., Beg, S., Rawat, J. M., & Singh, A. (2017). Biological, medicinal and toxicological significance of Eucalyptus leaf essential oil: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(3), 833–848. Portico. CrossRef
Elsadi, M., Keshlaf, M., & Mirwan, H. (2024). Some essential oils as potential control agents for varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in infected honey bees (Apis mellifera). Open Veterinary Journal, 14(2), 692. CrossRef
Ghazghazi, H., Essghaier, B., Riguene, H., Rigane, G., EL Aloui, M., Oueslati, M. A., Ben Salem, R., Sadfi Zouaoui, N., Naser, Z., & Laarbi Khouja, M. (2020). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Eucalyptus essential oil: a comparative study between Eucalyptus marginata L. and Eucalyptus paucilora L. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, 64(12), 1055–1062. CrossRef
Goswami, V., Srivastava, P., & Khan, M. S. (2014). Efficacy of essential oils against Varroa De-structor infesting Apis mellifera Linn. colonies and their impact on brood development. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(1), 27–30. CrossRef
Harkat-Madouri, L., Asma, B., Madani, K., Bey-Ould Si Said, Z., Rigou, P., Grenier, D., Allalou, H., Remini, H., Adjaoud, A., & Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L. (2015). Chemical composition, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus from Algeria. In-dustrial Crops and Products, 78, 148–153. CrossRef
Higes, M., Martín-Hernández, R., Hernández-Rodríguez, C. S., & González-Cabrera, J. (2020). As-sessing the resistance to acaricides in Varroa destructor from several Spanish locations. Parasitology Research, 119(11), 3595–3601. CrossRef
Hussein, H. S., Tawfeek, M. E., & Abdelgaleil, S. A. M. (2021). Chemical composition, aphicidal and antiacetyl cholinesterase activities of essential oils against Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonsco-lombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 24(2), 259–265. Cross-Ref
Jordan, S. (2011). British pharmacopoeia (BP) 2011The Stationery Office, Six-volume printed edition/CD-ROM/online edition British pharmacopoeia (BP) 2011 £830 978 0 1132 2849 2 011322849X. Nursing Standard, 25(46), 31–31. CrossRef
Khan, S., Sahar, A., Tariq, T., Sameen, A., & Tariq, F. (2023). Essential oils in plants: Plant physi-ology, the chemical composition of the oil, and natural variation of the oils (chemotaxono-my and environmental effects, etc.). Essential Oils, 1–36. Academic Press. CrossRef
Khayyat, S. A., & Roselin, L. S. (2018). Recent progress in photochemical reaction on main com-ponents of some essential oils. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 22(7), 855–875. CrossRef
Khedhri, S., Khammassi, M., Boukhris Bouhachem, S., Pieracci, Y., Flamini, G., Gargouri, S., Amri, I., & Hamrouni, L. (2024). Tunisian Eucalyptus essential oils: exploring their potential for biological applications. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 158(1), 40–50. CrossRef
Launay, A. (2017). Pharmacognosie, phytochimie, plantes médicinales — cinquième édition J. Bruneton, Éditions Lavoisier Tec & Doc, 2016, 1 488 p, 195,00 €. Phytothérapie, 15(5), 316–316. CrossRef
Limam, H., Ben Jemaa, M., Tammar, S., Ksibi, N., Khammassi, S., Jallouli, S., Del Re, G., & Msaada, K. (2020). Variation in chemical profile of leaves essential oils from thirteen Tunisian Eu-calyptus species and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 158, 112964. CrossRef
Maris, P., Utami, D. S., Marwoto, O., & Tarigan, N. (2022). Why Eucalyptus citriodora potentialas biopesticide? Jurnal Ilmiah Agrineca, 22(2), 16–25. CrossRef
Mc Laughlin, J. L., Rogers, L. L., & Anderson, J. E. (1998). The use of biological assays to evalu-atebotanicals. Drug Information Journal, 32(2), 513–524. CrossRef
Mitton, G. A., Meroi Arcerito, F., Cooley, H., Fernández de Landa, G., Eguaras, M. J., Ruffinengo, S. R., & Maggi, M. D. (2022). More than sixty years living with Varroa destructor: A review of acaricide resistance. International Journal of Pest Management, 1–18. CrossRef
Rossi, Y. E., & Palacios, S. M. (2015). Insecticidal toxicity of Eucalyptus cinerea essential oil and 1,8-cineole against Musca domestica and possible uses according to the metabolic response of flies. Industrial Crops and Products, 63, 133–137. CrossRef
Russo, S., Yaber Grass, M. A., Fontana, H. C., & Leonelli, E. (2018). Insecticidal activity of essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus against Aphis nerii (Boyer) and Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal). AgriScientia, 1(35), 63. CrossRef
Sebei, K., Sakouhi, F., Herchi, W., Khouja, M., & Boukhchina, S. (2015). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven Eucalyptus species essential oils leaves. Biological Research, 48(1), 7. CrossRef
Shao, J., Yin, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Tang, Q., Zhang, M., Jiao, J., Liu, C., Yang, M., Zhen, L., Has-souna, A., White, W. L., & Lu, J. (2020). Effects of different doses of Eucalyptus oil From Eu-calyptus globulus Labill. on respiratory tract immunity and immune function in healthy rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11. CrossRef
Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M., Ademiluyi, A., Sharifi-Rad, R., Ayatollahi, S., Iriti. (2017). Biological ac-tivities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules., 22(1),70. CrossRef
Yones, D. A., Bakir, H. Y., & Bayoumi, S. A. L. (2016). Chemical composition and efficacy of some selected plant oils against Pediculus humanus capitis in vitro. Parasitology Research, 115(8), 3209–3218. CrossRef