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Abstract
To guarantee a stable offer and healthy food, the new techniques of maintaining and improving the natural production capacity of agri-cultural land must take appropriate measures for each environ-ment. However, the identification and the valorization of all local dynamics of production systems must ensure the conservation of agricultural land fertility and butter fertilizer management. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of soils in the north-western foothills of Dahra. After a bioclimatic overview of the study area, out of the fourteen studied stations, four of the most practiced farming systems (agroforestry, non-irrigated tree crop cultivation, annual field cropping and fallow cultivation) were compared based on analyses of various indicators related to the physico-chemical properties of soils used in the literature concerning soil chemical fertility. Indeed, the studied soils ex-hibit a clay-loam and sandy-loam textures, a slightly acidic pH, and an organ-ic matter content that requires improvement for more active biological ac-tivity. To optimize soil fertility, the practice of green manures as contribu-tions of major elements (N, P, and K) would be desirable along with studied crop rotations. The results showed that lands in the north-western foothills of Dahra are naturally intended for agriculture and predisposed to promot-ing agro-ecological practices, particularly agroforestry. This will improve soil health through enhanced biodiversity and efficient resource use. Also, the biological fertility measures offer more opportunities for sustainable agriculture in semi-arid environments where agroforestry practic-es and green manures effectively contribute to increasing organic matter content, bio-fertility, income diversity, and the standard of living for farmers.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Amina, H., Mohamed, L., Calero, J. A. G., & Habib, O. (2025). Agroforestry in crops systems and its influence on the chemical fertility of soils in semi-arid regions: Case of the Dahra foothills (North-West, Algeria). Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 6(2), 222-240. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.06.02.07
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Diaité, B., Diallo, M.D., Goalbayé, T., Diédhiou, S., Diallo, A., Talla, R., Diop, A., & Guissé, A. (2020). Effect of application of different doses of organic fertilizers on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under semi-controlled conditions. Journal of Animal & Plant Sci-ences, 44(1), 7553-7566. CrossRef
Diallo, M. D., Baldé, M., Diaité, B., Goalbaye, T., Diop A., & Guissé, A. (2018). Aftereffects of dif-ferent fertilizer applications on growth and yield parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersi-cum L.). Agrobiologia Journal, 8(2), 1078-1085. Direct Link.
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El Attar, I., Hnini, M., Taha, K., & Aurag, J. (2022). Phosphorus availability and its sustainable use. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutition, 22, 5036-5048. CrossRef
El Mokaddem, A., Chikhaoui, M., Naimi, M., & Chekroun, S. (2019). Assessment of the costs of ag-ricultural soil degradation by water erosion: Case of the Tleta watershed. Moroccan Review of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, 7(2), 333-342. Direct Link.
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Garcia, C., Hernandez, T., Coll, M. D., & Ondono, S. (2017). Organic amendments for soil restora-tion in arid and semiarid areas : A review. AIMS Environmental Science, 4(5), 640-676. CrossRef
Gillard, J. (2020). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In: A First Course in Statistical Infer-ence. Springer Series in Undergraduate Mathematics, Springer, Cham, 91-101. CrossRef
Gomez Calero, J. A., Ben-Gal, b. A., Alarcon, c. J. J., De Lannoy, d. G., de Roos, d. S., Dostal, e. T., Fereres, f. E., Intrigliolo, c. D. S., Krasa, e. J., Klik, g, A., Liebhard, g, G., Nolz, g R., Peeters, h. A., Plaas, i. E., Quinton, j. J. N., Rui, k. M., Strauss, l. P., Weifeng, K. X., Zhang, M. Z., Zhong, N. F., Zumr, E. D. & Dodd, j. I. C. (2020). SHui, an EU-Chinese cooperative project to optimize soil and water management in agricultural areas in the XXI century. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, CrossRef
Hag-Husein, H., Lucke, B., Bäumler, R., & Sahwan, W. (2021). A contribution to soil fertility as-sessment for arid and semi-Arid lands. Soil Systems, 5(3), 42. CrossRef
Hatfield, J. L., Sauer, T. J., & Cruse, R. M. (2017). Chapter one-soil: The forgotten piece of the wa-ter, food, energy Nexus. Advances in Agronomy, 143, 1-46. CrossRef
Janczyk, M., & Pfister, R. (2023). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In: Understanding In-ferential Statistics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 97-125. CrossRef
Kaur, S., & Chauhan, B. S. (2023). Plant Small RNA in Food Crops. Chapter 2 - Challenges and op-portunities to sustainable crop production, Academic Press, 25-43, ISBN 9780323917223. CrossRef.
Kome, G. K., Enang, R. K., Yerima, B. P. K., & Lontsi, M. G. R. (2018). Models relating soil pH measurements in H2O, KCl and CaCl2 for volcanic ash soils of Cameroon. Geoderma Region-al, 14, ISSN 2352-0094. CrossRef
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., & Rubel, F. (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15, 259-263. CrossRef
Kozak, M., & Piepho, H‐P. (2018). What is normal anyway? Residual plots are more revealing than significance tests when testing ANOVA hypotheses. Journal of Agronomie and Crops science, 204(1), 86-98. CrossRef
Lal, R. (2016). Soil health and carbon management. Food and energy security, 5(4), 212-222. CrossRef
Liu, Z., Cao, S., Sun, Z., Wang, H., Qu, S., Lei, N., He, J., & Dong, Q. (2021). Tillage effects on soil properties and crop yield after land reclamation. Scientific reports, 11(4611). CrossRef
Marschner, P. (2012). Chapter 15-Rhizosphere Biology. In Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. (3rd ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, 369-388. CrossRef
Narmilan, A., Gonzalez, F., Salgadoe, A.S.A., Kumarasiri, U.W.L.M., Weerasinghe, H.A.S., & Ku-lasekara, B.R. (2022). Predicting canopy chlorophyll content in sugarcane crops using ma-chine learning algorithms and spectral vegetation indices derived from UAV multispectral imagery. Remote Sensing, 14(5), 1140. CrossRef
Neina, D. (2019). The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Applied and Envi-ronmental Soil Science, 19(1), 9. CrossRef
Ray, S., & Majumder, S. (2024). Water management in agriculture: Innovations for efficient irri-gation. In Modern Agronomy. International Books & Periodical Supply Service: New Delhi, India, 169-185. Direct Link.
Rayment, G. E., & Lyons, D. J. (2011). Soil chemical methods-Australasia. CSIRO Publishing: Col-lingwood, 3, Victoria. Australia. 19-47. CrossRef
Rehman, A., & Farooq, M. (2023). Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment. Chapter 18 - Challenges, constraints, and opportunities in sustainable agriculture and environment. Aca-demic Press, 487-501, ISBN 9780323905008. CrossRef
Rezgui, M., Mechri, M., & Gharbi, A. (2014). Effect of tillage on soil physical properties and on the yield of fava bean and durum wheat grown in semi-arid conditions of Kef. Annals of INRAT, 87, 1-11. CrossRef
Samal, S.K., & Kumar, R. (2020). Nutrient management in calcareous soil. Food and Scientific Re-ports, 1(6), 1-4, ISSN 2582-5437 Direct Link.
Schulze, E-D., Beck, E., Buchmann, N., Clemens, S., Müller-Hohenstein, K., & Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (2019). Ecology of Plants (Ed.2), Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. XXI, 926, ISBN 978-3-662-56233-8. CrossRef
Singare, P. B., Meshram, N. A., & Kausadikar, H. K. (2022). Calcareous Soil and Their Manage-ment – A Review. Justagriculture, 3(4), 1-6. ISSN 2582-8223. Direct Link.
Sparks, D. L. (2019). Environmental Soil Chemistry. Academic Press. Direct Link.
Steponavičienė, V., Žiūraitis, G., Rudinskienė, A., Jackevičienė, K., & Bogužas, V. (2024). Long-term effects of different tillage systems and their impact on soil properties and crop yields. Agronomy, 14(4), 870. CrossRef
Taalab, A.S., Ageeb, G.W., Siam, H.S., & Mahmoud, S.A. (2019). Some characteristics of calcareous soils. A review. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Researche. 1(8), 96-105, ISSN 2077-4605. Direct Link.
Umer, M. I., Rajab, S. M., & Ismail, H. K. (2020). Effect of CaCO3 form on soil Inherent quality properties of calcareous soils. Materials Science Forum, 1002, 459-467. CrossRef
Waldron, A., Garrity, D., Malhi, Y., Girardin, C., Miller, D.C., & Seddon, N. (2017). Agroforestry can improve food security while meeting other sustainable development goals. Tropical Conservation Science, 10. CrossRef
Weidhuner, A., Hanauer, A., Krausz, R., Crittenden, S. J., Gage, K., & Sadeghpour, A. (2021). Tillage impacts on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen after 49 years. Soil and Tillage Research, 208(104878), ISSN 0167-1987. CrossRef
Wiesmeier, M., Urbanski, L., Hobley, E., Lang, B., von Lützow, M., Marin-Spiotta, E., van Wesemael, B., Rabot, E., Ließ, M., Garcia-Franco, N., Wollschläger, U., Vogel, H.J., & Kögel-Knabner, I. (2019). Soil organic carbon storage as a key soil function – A review of factors and indicators at different scales. Geoderma, 333, 149-162. CrossRef
World Agroforestry Centre. (2017). Corporate Strategy 2017‐2026 « Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees ». Direct Link..
Yaulilahua-Huacho, R., Sumarriva-Bustinza, L. A., Gutierrez-Deza, L. I. R., Ordoñez-Santoyo, M. M., Tucto-Cueva, E., Huere-Peña, J. L., Dueñas-Jurado, C., Ccente-Chancha, E. J., Reynaga-Médine, A., Rodas-Le Ccopa, H., Garcia-Ticllacuri, R., & Ayuque-Rojas, J. C. (2024). Examin-ing the adaptability of soil pH to soil dynamics using different methodologies: A concise re-view. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 12(4), 573-587. CrossRef
Zenda Za Begani, A-J. N., Orach-Meza, F. L., & Barakagira, A. (2024). The contribution of subsist-ence agriculture to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in South Kivu province, Demo-cratic Republic of Congo. Qeios Journal, 1-19. CrossRef
Zhang, X., Shen, S., Xue, S., Hu, Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Long-term tillage and cropping systems affect soil organic carbon components and mineralization in aggregates in semiarid regions. Soil and Tillage Research, 231, ISSN 0167-1987. CrossRef
Abubakar, H., Abubakar, H. D., & Salisu, A. (2018). One Way Anova: Concepts and application in agricultural system. Kaunas, Lithuania, 2152, 49-53. Direct Link.
Alori, E.T., Glick, B.R., & Babalola, O.O. (2017). Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its poten-tial for use in sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(971). CrossRef
Araya, K., Mitiku, H., Girmay, G., Muktar, M. & Chukwuebuka, Ch. O. (2023). Assessing land use type impacts on soil quality : Application of multivariate statistical and expert opinion-followed indicator screening approaches. Catena, 231(107351). CrossRef
Bindraban, P.S., Dimkpa, C.O. & Pandey, R. (2020). Exploring phosphorus fertilizers and fertiliza-tion strategies to improve human and environmental health. Biology and Fertility Soils Jor-nal, 56, 299-317. CrossRef
Bojnec, Š., Daraz, U., & Khan, Y. (2024). Harvesting sunlight: The promise of agro-photovoltaic fusion systems for sustainable agriculture and renewable energy generation. Energies, 17, 3310. CrossRef
Bolan, N., Srivastava, P., Rao, C. S., Satyanaraya, P.V., Anderson, G. C., Bolan, S., Nortjé, G. P., Kronenberg, R, Bardhan, S., Abbott, L. K., Zhao, H., Mehra, P., Satyanarayana, S.V., Khan, N., Wang, H., Rinklebe, J., Siddique, K.H.M., & Kirkham, M.B. (2023). Chapter Two - Distribu-tion, characteristics and management of calcareous soils. Editor(s): Donald L. Sparks, Ad-vances in Agronomy, Academic Press, 182, 381-130. CrossRef
Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2016). The Nature and Properties of Soils (15th ed.). Pearson. Direct Link.
Bünemann, E. K., Bongiorno, G., Bai Z., Creamer, R. E. De Deyn G., de Goede, R., Fleskensd, L.,
Geissend, V., Kuyperb, T. W., Mädera, P., Pullemanb, M., Sukkelf, W., van Groenigenb, J.W., & Brussaard, L. (2018). Soil quality–A critical review. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 120, 105-125. CrossRef
Carter, M. R., & Gregorich, E. G. (2007). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (2nd ed.), CRC Press. CrossRef
Castle, S. E., Miller, D. C., Ordonez, P. J., Baylis, K., & Hughes, K. (2021). The impacts of agrofor-estry interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well‐being in low‐and middle‐income countries: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 17(2), e1167. CrossRef
Diaité, B., Diallo, M.D., Goalbayé, T., Diédhiou, S., Diallo, A., Talla, R., Diop, A., & Guissé, A. (2020). Effect of application of different doses of organic fertilizers on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under semi-controlled conditions. Journal of Animal & Plant Sci-ences, 44(1), 7553-7566. CrossRef
Diallo, M. D., Baldé, M., Diaité, B., Goalbaye, T., Diop A., & Guissé, A. (2018). Aftereffects of dif-ferent fertilizer applications on growth and yield parameters of tomato (Solanum lycopersi-cum L.). Agrobiologia Journal, 8(2), 1078-1085. Direct Link.
Diallo, M. D., Diaité, B., Diédhiou, P. M., Diédhiou, S., Goalbaye, G., Doelsch, E., Diop, A., & Guissé, A. (2019). Effects of the application of different fertilizers on soil fertility, growth and yield of millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) R. Br. in the Commune of Gandon in Senegal. African Journal of Environment and Agriculture, 2(2), 7-15. Direct Link.
Eden, M., Gerke, H.H., & Houot, S. (2017). Organic waste recycling in agriculture and related ef-fects on soil water retention and plant available water : A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 37(11), 1-21. CrossRef
El Attar, I., Hnini, M., Taha, K., & Aurag, J. (2022). Phosphorus availability and its sustainable use. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutition, 22, 5036-5048. CrossRef
El Mokaddem, A., Chikhaoui, M., Naimi, M., & Chekroun, S. (2019). Assessment of the costs of ag-ricultural soil degradation by water erosion: Case of the Tleta watershed. Moroccan Review of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, 7(2), 333-342. Direct Link.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2006). Guidelines for Soil De-scription (4th Edition). Direct Link.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2016). Management of Calcare-ous Soils. Direct Link.
Garcia, C., Hernandez, T., Coll, M. D., & Ondono, S. (2017). Organic amendments for soil restora-tion in arid and semiarid areas : A review. AIMS Environmental Science, 4(5), 640-676. CrossRef
Gillard, J. (2020). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In: A First Course in Statistical Infer-ence. Springer Series in Undergraduate Mathematics, Springer, Cham, 91-101. CrossRef
Gomez Calero, J. A., Ben-Gal, b. A., Alarcon, c. J. J., De Lannoy, d. G., de Roos, d. S., Dostal, e. T., Fereres, f. E., Intrigliolo, c. D. S., Krasa, e. J., Klik, g, A., Liebhard, g, G., Nolz, g R., Peeters, h. A., Plaas, i. E., Quinton, j. J. N., Rui, k. M., Strauss, l. P., Weifeng, K. X., Zhang, M. Z., Zhong, N. F., Zumr, E. D. & Dodd, j. I. C. (2020). SHui, an EU-Chinese cooperative project to optimize soil and water management in agricultural areas in the XXI century. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, CrossRef
Hag-Husein, H., Lucke, B., Bäumler, R., & Sahwan, W. (2021). A contribution to soil fertility as-sessment for arid and semi-Arid lands. Soil Systems, 5(3), 42. CrossRef
Hatfield, J. L., Sauer, T. J., & Cruse, R. M. (2017). Chapter one-soil: The forgotten piece of the wa-ter, food, energy Nexus. Advances in Agronomy, 143, 1-46. CrossRef
Janczyk, M., & Pfister, R. (2023). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In: Understanding In-ferential Statistics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 97-125. CrossRef
Kaur, S., & Chauhan, B. S. (2023). Plant Small RNA in Food Crops. Chapter 2 - Challenges and op-portunities to sustainable crop production, Academic Press, 25-43, ISBN 9780323917223. CrossRef.
Kome, G. K., Enang, R. K., Yerima, B. P. K., & Lontsi, M. G. R. (2018). Models relating soil pH measurements in H2O, KCl and CaCl2 for volcanic ash soils of Cameroon. Geoderma Region-al, 14, ISSN 2352-0094. CrossRef
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., & Rubel, F. (2006). World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15, 259-263. CrossRef
Kozak, M., & Piepho, H‐P. (2018). What is normal anyway? Residual plots are more revealing than significance tests when testing ANOVA hypotheses. Journal of Agronomie and Crops science, 204(1), 86-98. CrossRef
Lal, R. (2016). Soil health and carbon management. Food and energy security, 5(4), 212-222. CrossRef
Liu, Z., Cao, S., Sun, Z., Wang, H., Qu, S., Lei, N., He, J., & Dong, Q. (2021). Tillage effects on soil properties and crop yield after land reclamation. Scientific reports, 11(4611). CrossRef
Marschner, P. (2012). Chapter 15-Rhizosphere Biology. In Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. (3rd ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, 369-388. CrossRef
Narmilan, A., Gonzalez, F., Salgadoe, A.S.A., Kumarasiri, U.W.L.M., Weerasinghe, H.A.S., & Ku-lasekara, B.R. (2022). Predicting canopy chlorophyll content in sugarcane crops using ma-chine learning algorithms and spectral vegetation indices derived from UAV multispectral imagery. Remote Sensing, 14(5), 1140. CrossRef
Neina, D. (2019). The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Applied and Envi-ronmental Soil Science, 19(1), 9. CrossRef
Ray, S., & Majumder, S. (2024). Water management in agriculture: Innovations for efficient irri-gation. In Modern Agronomy. International Books & Periodical Supply Service: New Delhi, India, 169-185. Direct Link.
Rayment, G. E., & Lyons, D. J. (2011). Soil chemical methods-Australasia. CSIRO Publishing: Col-lingwood, 3, Victoria. Australia. 19-47. CrossRef
Rehman, A., & Farooq, M. (2023). Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment. Chapter 18 - Challenges, constraints, and opportunities in sustainable agriculture and environment. Aca-demic Press, 487-501, ISBN 9780323905008. CrossRef
Rezgui, M., Mechri, M., & Gharbi, A. (2014). Effect of tillage on soil physical properties and on the yield of fava bean and durum wheat grown in semi-arid conditions of Kef. Annals of INRAT, 87, 1-11. CrossRef
Samal, S.K., & Kumar, R. (2020). Nutrient management in calcareous soil. Food and Scientific Re-ports, 1(6), 1-4, ISSN 2582-5437 Direct Link.
Schulze, E-D., Beck, E., Buchmann, N., Clemens, S., Müller-Hohenstein, K., & Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (2019). Ecology of Plants (Ed.2), Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. XXI, 926, ISBN 978-3-662-56233-8. CrossRef
Singare, P. B., Meshram, N. A., & Kausadikar, H. K. (2022). Calcareous Soil and Their Manage-ment – A Review. Justagriculture, 3(4), 1-6. ISSN 2582-8223. Direct Link.
Sparks, D. L. (2019). Environmental Soil Chemistry. Academic Press. Direct Link.
Steponavičienė, V., Žiūraitis, G., Rudinskienė, A., Jackevičienė, K., & Bogužas, V. (2024). Long-term effects of different tillage systems and their impact on soil properties and crop yields. Agronomy, 14(4), 870. CrossRef
Taalab, A.S., Ageeb, G.W., Siam, H.S., & Mahmoud, S.A. (2019). Some characteristics of calcareous soils. A review. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Researche. 1(8), 96-105, ISSN 2077-4605. Direct Link.
Umer, M. I., Rajab, S. M., & Ismail, H. K. (2020). Effect of CaCO3 form on soil Inherent quality properties of calcareous soils. Materials Science Forum, 1002, 459-467. CrossRef
Waldron, A., Garrity, D., Malhi, Y., Girardin, C., Miller, D.C., & Seddon, N. (2017). Agroforestry can improve food security while meeting other sustainable development goals. Tropical Conservation Science, 10. CrossRef
Weidhuner, A., Hanauer, A., Krausz, R., Crittenden, S. J., Gage, K., & Sadeghpour, A. (2021). Tillage impacts on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated carbon and nitrogen after 49 years. Soil and Tillage Research, 208(104878), ISSN 0167-1987. CrossRef
Wiesmeier, M., Urbanski, L., Hobley, E., Lang, B., von Lützow, M., Marin-Spiotta, E., van Wesemael, B., Rabot, E., Ließ, M., Garcia-Franco, N., Wollschläger, U., Vogel, H.J., & Kögel-Knabner, I. (2019). Soil organic carbon storage as a key soil function – A review of factors and indicators at different scales. Geoderma, 333, 149-162. CrossRef
World Agroforestry Centre. (2017). Corporate Strategy 2017‐2026 « Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees ». Direct Link..
Yaulilahua-Huacho, R., Sumarriva-Bustinza, L. A., Gutierrez-Deza, L. I. R., Ordoñez-Santoyo, M. M., Tucto-Cueva, E., Huere-Peña, J. L., Dueñas-Jurado, C., Ccente-Chancha, E. J., Reynaga-Médine, A., Rodas-Le Ccopa, H., Garcia-Ticllacuri, R., & Ayuque-Rojas, J. C. (2024). Examin-ing the adaptability of soil pH to soil dynamics using different methodologies: A concise re-view. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 12(4), 573-587. CrossRef
Zenda Za Begani, A-J. N., Orach-Meza, F. L., & Barakagira, A. (2024). The contribution of subsist-ence agriculture to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in South Kivu province, Demo-cratic Republic of Congo. Qeios Journal, 1-19. CrossRef
Zhang, X., Shen, S., Xue, S., Hu, Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Long-term tillage and cropping systems affect soil organic carbon components and mineralization in aggregates in semiarid regions. Soil and Tillage Research, 231, ISSN 0167-1987. CrossRef