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Nov 16, 2022
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Feb 7, 2023
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Abstract
Bitterleaf or African Leaf is a herbal plant empirically used to relieve fever and kidney disease. Pharmacological research reports that the leaves have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, and a toxicity test was also conducted to ensure their safety. Therefore, this experiment aimed to obtain LC50 of African Leaf (Gymnanthemum amygdalina Del.) ethanol and water extract with the ZFET (Zebra Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity) method and also to observe the toxicity effect of zebrafish (Danio rario) embryo's morphology after the induction of the extract. The experiment refers to the OECD No.236 of 2013 as a guideline, and it was shown that African Leaf's ethanol extract LC50 values were obtained at 6.3629 ppm. Furthermore, the water extract LC50 value was obtained at 25.0520 ppm, and the African Leaf extract was categorized in the toxic category. The leaf extract has a harmful effect on zebrafish embryos, resulting in malformations of the tail, notochord, pericardium, and yolk sac.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Agus Setiani, L., Wiendarlina, I. Y., & Arlindini, A. M. (2023). Acute toxicity test of water and ethanol extract from african leaf (Gym-nanthemum amygdalina Del.) on zebra fish embrio (Danio rerio). Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 4(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.04.01.03
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Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Develop-ment 236. (2013). OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test. Dermatotoxicology, July, 509–511. CrossRef
Setiani, L. A., & Rusli, Z. (2020). Anti-inflammatory po-tential of african leaf water extract. Journal of Ag-riculture and Applied Biology, 1(2): 46-53. doi:10.11594/jab.01.02.02
Quan, P. T., Hang, T. Van, Ha, N. H., De, N. X., & Tuyen, T. N. (2006). Microwave-assisted extraction of poly-phenols from fesh tea shoot. Science and Technol-ogy Development (Vietnam), 9(8), 69–75. Direct Link.
Rispita, D. (2018). Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak N-heksan, etilasetat dan etanol dari daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) secara in vitro. In Skripsi. Program Studi Farmasi. Fakultas Farmasi. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Utami, N. F., Nurdayanty, S. M., Sutanto, & Suhenda, U. (2020). Pengaruh berbagai metode ekstraksi pada penentuan kadar flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun iler (Plectranthus scutellarioides). Fitofarmaka: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 10(1), 76–83. CrossRef
Wijaya, R. C. (2020). Lethal concentration 50% of patch-ouli oil (Pogostemon cablin) towards zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio). Herb-Medicine Journal, 3(2), 1. CrossRef
Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H., Ukaegbu, C. I., & Kab-bashi, N. A. (2019). Extraction and characteriza-tion of bioactive compounds in Vernonia amygda-lina leaf ethanolic extract comparing soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction techniques. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1), 414–422. CrossRef
Alara, O. R., Abdurahmana, N. H., Mudalipa, S. K. A., & Olalere, O. A. (2017). Phytochemical and pharma-cological properties of vernonia amygdalina: A Review. International Journal of Research in Phar-maceutical Sciences, 11(3), 3546–3555. CrossRef
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. (2020). Pedoman uji toksisitas praklinik secara in vivo. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 53(9), 1689–1699.
Chahardehi, A. M., Arsad, H., & Lim, V. (2020). Zebrafish as a successful animal model for screening toxicity of medicinal plants. Plants, 9(10), 1–35. CrossRef
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2000). Parameter standar umum ekstrak tanaman obat. In Departemen Kesehatan RI. Vol. 1, pp. 10–11.
Ergina, Nuryanti S, P., & Pursitasari, I. (2014). Uji kuali-tatif senyawa metabolit sekunder pada daun pala-do (Agave angustifolia) yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut air dan etanol. Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 3(3), 165–172.
Hanani E. 2014. Analisis fitokimia. Jakarta: Penerbit Bu-ku Kedokteran ECG.
Hasanah, N., & Arnanda, B. (2020). Uji toksisitas ekstrak daun afrika (Vernonia Amygdalina) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Edu Masda Journal, 2(1), 22-31. CrossRef
Hinwood, J. B., Potts, A. E., Dennis, L. R., Carey, J. M., Hou-ridis, H., Bell, R. J., Thomas, J. R., Boudreau, P., & Ayling, A. M. (1994). Environmental implications of offshore oil and gas development in Australia -
Drilling activities environmental implications of offshore oil and gas development in Australia. The Findings of an Independent Scientific Review, pp 124 - 207.
Kristanti, Y., Widarta, I. W. R., & Permana, I. D. G. M. (2019). Pengaruh waktu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi etanol menggunakan metode microwave assisted extraction (Mae) terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak rambut jagung (Zea mays L.). Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA), 8(1), 94. CrossRef
Mulyani, Y., Sumarna, R., & Patonah. (2020). Kajian etnofarmakologi pemanfaatan tanaman obat oleh masyarakat di Kecamatan Dawuan Kabupaten Subang Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Farmasi Ga-lenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 6(1), 20–25. CrossRef
Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Develop-ment 236. (2013). OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test. Dermatotoxicology, July, 509–511. CrossRef
Setiani, L. A., & Rusli, Z. (2020). Anti-inflammatory po-tential of african leaf water extract. Journal of Ag-riculture and Applied Biology, 1(2): 46-53. doi:10.11594/jab.01.02.02
Quan, P. T., Hang, T. Van, Ha, N. H., De, N. X., & Tuyen, T. N. (2006). Microwave-assisted extraction of poly-phenols from fesh tea shoot. Science and Technol-ogy Development (Vietnam), 9(8), 69–75. Direct Link.
Rispita, D. (2018). Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak N-heksan, etilasetat dan etanol dari daun afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) secara in vitro. In Skripsi. Program Studi Farmasi. Fakultas Farmasi. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Utami, N. F., Nurdayanty, S. M., Sutanto, & Suhenda, U. (2020). Pengaruh berbagai metode ekstraksi pada penentuan kadar flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun iler (Plectranthus scutellarioides). Fitofarmaka: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 10(1), 76–83. CrossRef
Wijaya, R. C. (2020). Lethal concentration 50% of patch-ouli oil (Pogostemon cablin) towards zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio). Herb-Medicine Journal, 3(2), 1. CrossRef